Field 3 of 18

Machine Intelligence

What was actually hard in the landmark results, and what the models are doing underneath.

Essays

AlphaFold: if it’s “just supervised learning,” what was actually hard?The dozen quiet engineering problems hiding inside the words “just deep learning.”May 2026
Esteva et al. 2017: if it’s “just fine-tuning Inception v3,” what was actually hard?The first dermatologist-level skin-cancer classifier, and the data work that made it go.May 2026